Method and system for a low parasitic silicon high-speed phase modulator using PN finger waveguides

ABSTRACT

Methods and systems for a low-parasitic silicon high-speed phase modulator are disclosed and may include in an optical phase modulator that comprises a PN junction waveguide formed in a silicon layer, wherein the silicon layer may be on an oxide layer and the oxide layer may be on a silicon substrate. The PN junction waveguide may have fingers of p-doped and n-doped regions on opposite sides along a length of the PN junction waveguide. Contacts may be formed on the fingers of p-doped and n-doped regions. The fingers of p-doped and n-doped regions may be arranged symmetrically about the PN junction waveguide or staggered along the length of the PN junction waveguide. Etch transition features may be removed along the p-doped and n-doped regions.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS/INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.16/267,545 filed on Feb. 5, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 16/036,409 filed on Jul. 16, 2018, now U.S. Pat.No. 10,209,540, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.14/105,527 filed on Dec. 13, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,025,120, whichclaims priority to U.S. Provisional Application 61/797,697, filed onDec. 13, 2012, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety.

FIELD

Certain embodiments of the invention relate to semiconductor processing.More specifically, certain embodiments of the invention relate to amethod and system for a low-parasitic silicon high-speed phasemodulator.

BACKGROUND

As data networks scale to meet ever-increasing bandwidth requirements,the shortcomings of copper data channels are becoming apparent. Signalattenuation and crosstalk due to radiated electromagnetic energy are themain impediments encountered by designers of such systems. They can bemitigated to some extent with equalization, coding, and shielding, butthese techniques require considerable power, complexity, and cable bulkpenalties while offering only modest improvements in reach and verylimited scalability. Free of such channel limitations, opticalcommunication has been recognized as the successor to copper links.

Further limitations and disadvantages of conventional and traditionalapproaches will become apparent to one of skill in the art, throughcomparison of such systems with the present invention as set forth inthe remainder of the present application with reference to the drawings.

BRIEF SUMMARY

A system and/or method for a low-parasitic silicon high-speed phasemodulator, substantially as shown in and/or described in connection withat least one of the figures, as set forth more completely in the claims.

Various advantages, aspects and novel features of the present invention,as well as details of an illustrated embodiment thereof, will be morefully understood from the following description and drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a block diagram of a photonically enabled CMOS chipcomprising low-parasitic silicon high-speed phase modulators, inaccordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 1B is a diagram illustrating a CMOS chip, in accordance with anexample embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 1C is a diagram illustrating a CMOS chip coupled to an opticalfiber cable, in accordance with an example embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustrating an optical phase modulator, inaccordance with an example embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustrating a reduced area optical phasemodulator, in accordance with an example embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 4 is a drawing illustrating an optical phase modulator with reduceddoped area, in accordance with an example embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 5 is a drawing illustrating an optical phase modulator withstaggered reduced doped area, in accordance with an example embodimentof the disclosure.

FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate experimental results for reduced parasiticmodulators, in accordance with an example embodiment of the disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Certain aspects of the invention may be found in a method and system fora low-parasitic silicon high-speed phase modulator. Exemplary aspects ofthe invention may comprise fabricating an optical phase modulator thatcomprises a PN junction waveguide formed in a silicon layer wherein thesilicon layer may be on an oxide layer and the oxide layer may be on asilicon substrate. The PN junction waveguide may have p-doped andn-doped regions on opposite sides along a length of the PN junctionwaveguide, and portions of the p-doped and n-doped regions may beremoved. Contacts may be formed on remaining portions of the p-doped andn-doped regions. Portions of the p-doped and n-doped regions may beremoved symmetrically about the PN junction waveguide. Portions of thep-doped and n-doped regions may be removed in a staggered fashion alongthe length of the PN junction waveguide. Etch transition features may beremoved along the p-doped and n-doped regions, wherein the etchtransition features provide a transition between deep etched and shallowetched features in the optical phase modulator. The silicon layer, oxidelayer, and silicon substrate may comprise a silicon-on-insulator (SOI)complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) wafer. A parasiticcapacitance of the optical phase modulator may be reduced by theremoving of portions of the p-doped and n-doped regions. The opticalphase modulator may be integrated in an optical transceiver formed onthe silicon substrate. The remaining portions of the p-doped and n-dopedregions may comprise fingers for forming contacts that are staggered onopposite sides along the length of the PN junction waveguide. Portionsof the p-doped and n-doped regions may be removed down to the oxidelayer on the silicon substrate. The optical phase modulator may beintegrated in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer modulator.

FIG. 1A is a block diagram of a photonically enabled CMOS chipcomprising low-parasitic silicon high-speed phase modulators, inaccordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention. Referring toFIG. 1A, there is shown optoelectronic devices on a CMOS chip 130comprising optical modulators 105A-105D, photodiodes 111A-111D, monitorphotodiodes 113A-113H, and optical devices comprising directionalcouplers 103A-103K, optical terminations 115A-115D, and grating couplers117A-117H. There are also shown electrical devices and circuitscomprising amplifiers 107A-107D, analog and digital control circuits109, and control sections 112A-112D. The amplifiers 107A-107D maycomprise transimpedance and limiting amplifiers (TIA/LAs), for example.

Optical signals are communicated between optical and optoelectronicdevices via optical waveguides 110 fabricated in the CMOS chip 130.Single-mode or multi-mode waveguides may be used in photonic integratedcircuits. Single-mode operation enables direct connection to opticalsignal processing and networking elements. The term “single-mode” may beused for waveguides that support a single mode for each of the twopolarizations, transverse-electric (TE) and transverse-magnetic (TM), orfor waveguides that are truly single mode and only support one modewhose polarization is TE, which comprises an electric field parallel tothe substrate supporting the waveguides. Two typical waveguidecross-sections that are utilized comprise strip waveguides and ribwaveguides. Strip waveguides typically comprise a rectangularcross-section, whereas rib waveguides comprise a rib section on top of awaveguide slab.

The optical modulators 105A-105D comprise Mach-Zehnder or ringmodulators, for example, and enable the modulation of thecontinuous-wave (CW) laser input signal. The optical modulators105A-105D comprise high-speed and low-speed phase modulation sectionsand are controlled by the control sections 112A-112D. The high-speedphase modulation section of the optical modulators 105A-105D maymodulate a CW light source signal with a data signal. The low-speedphase modulation section of the optical modulators 105A-105D maycompensate for slowly varying phase factors such as those induced bymismatch between the waveguides, waveguide temperature, or waveguidestress and is referred to as the passive phase, or the passive biasingof the MZI.

The optical intensity modulator is a main building block of siliconphotonic circuits. In general, both phase and intensity modulators maybe used to modulate light. A conventional phase modulator on a siliconplatform is a p-n junction embedded in a waveguide, and may be used in aMach-Zehnder interferometer configuration comprising two arms receivingsimilar optical intensity after a power splitter. Each arm comprises aphase modulator, so that intensity modulation may be achieved byinterfering the outputs of the two arms using a power combiner.

The phase modulators may have a dual role: to compensate for the passivebiasing of the MZI and to apply the additional phase modulation used tomodulate the light intensity at the output port of the MZI according toa data stream. The former phase tuning and the latter phase modulationmay be applied by separate, specialized devices, since the former is alow speed, slowly varying contribution, while the latter is typically ahigh speed signal. These devices are then respectively referred to asthe LSPM and the HSPM. Examples for LSPM are thermal phase modulators(TPM), where a waveguide portion is locally heated up to modify theindex of refraction of its constituting materials, or forward biased PINjunction phase modulators (PINPM) where current injection into the PINjunction modifies the carrier density, and thus the index of refractionof the semiconductor material. An example of an HSPM is a reversedbiased PIN or PN junction, where the index of refraction is alsomodulated via the carrier density, but which allows much fasteroperation, albeit at a lower phase modulation efficiency per waveguidelength.

High-speed modulators in SOI CMOS wafers may suffer from parasiticcapacitance from the area of the modulator over the semiconductorsubstrate. Etch transition features are utilized as boundaries betweendeep and shallow trenches in the modulator structure, where the deepetch is utilized to isolate the modulator by etching down to the oxidelayer in the SOI wafer, and the shallow trench is utilized to form thewaveguide structure in the modulator. While the etch transition featuresare not part of the operational structure of the modulator, they areutilized to form the modulator, and can affect the performance withparasitic capacitance to the substrate. Additionally, the higher dopedregions of the PN structure add capacitance to the structure. In anexample scenario, the etch transition regions may be reduced oreliminated and/or the higher doped regions that provide contact to thePN diode may be reduced in area with alternating blank regions. This isshown further with respect to FIGS. 2-5.

The outputs of the modulators 105A-105D may be optically coupled via thewaveguides 110 to the grating couplers 117E-117H. The directionalcouplers 103A-103K may comprise four-port optical couplers, for example,and may be utilized to sample or split the optical signals generated bythe optical modulators 105A-105D, with the sampled signals beingmeasured by the monitor photodiodes 113A-113H. The unused branches ofthe directional couplers 103D-103K may be terminated by opticalterminations 115A-115D to avoid back reflections of unwanted signals.

The grating couplers 117A-117H comprise optical gratings that enablecoupling of light into and out of the CMOS chip 130. The gratingcouplers 117A-117D may be utilized to couple light received from opticalfibers into the CMOS chip 130, and the grating couplers 117E-117H may beutilized to couple light from the CMOS chip 130 into optical fibers. Thegrating couplers 117A-117H may comprise single polarization gratingcouplers (SPGC) and/or polarization splitting grating couplers (PSGC).In instances where a PSGC is utilized, two input, or output, waveguidesmay be utilized.

The optical fibers may be epoxied, for example, to the CMOS chip, andmay be aligned at an angle from normal to the surface of the CMOS chip130 to optimize coupling efficiency. In an example embodiment, theoptical fibers may comprise single-mode fiber (SMF) and/orpolarization-maintaining fiber (PMF).

In another exemplary embodiment, optical signals may be communicateddirectly into the surface of the CMOS chip 130 without optical fibers bydirecting a light source on an optical coupling device in the chip, suchas the light source interface 135 and/or the optical fiber interface139. This may be accomplished with directed laser sources and/or opticalsources on another chip flip-chip bonded to the CMOS chip 130.

The photodiodes 111A-111D may convert optical signals received from thegrating couplers 117A-117D into electrical signals that are communicatedto the amplifiers 107A-107D for processing. In another embodiment of theinvention, the photodiodes 111A-111D may comprise high-speedheterojunction phototransistors, for example, and may comprise germanium(Ge) in the collector and base regions for absorption in the 1.3-1.6 μmoptical wavelength range, and may be integrated on a CMOSsilicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer.

The analog and digital control circuits 109 may control gain levels orother parameters in the operation of the amplifiers 107A-107D, which maythen communicate electrical signals off the CMOS chip 130. The controlsections 112A-112D comprise electronic circuitry that enable modulationof the CW laser signal received from the splitters 103A-103C. Theoptical modulators 105A-105D may require high-speed electrical signalsto modulate the refractive index in respective branches of aMach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI), for example. In an exampleembodiment, the control sections 112A-112D may include sink and/orsource driver electronics that may enable a bidirectional link utilizinga single laser.

In operation, the CMOS chip 130 may be operable to transmit and/orreceive and process optical signals. Optical signals may be receivedfrom optical fibers by the grating couplers 117A-117D and converted toelectrical signals by the photodetectors 111A-111D. The electricalsignals may be amplified by transimpedance amplifiers in the amplifiers107A-107D, for example, and subsequently communicated to otherelectronic circuitry, not shown, in the CMOS chip 130.

Integrated photonics platforms allow the full functionality of anoptical transceiver to be integrated on a single chip, the CMOS chip130, for example. A transceiver chip comprises optoelectronic circuitsthat create and process the optical/electrical signals on thetransmitter (Tx) and the receiver (Rx) sides, as well as opticalinterfaces that couple the optical signal to and from one or morefibers. The signal processing functionality may comprise modulating theoptical carrier, detecting the optical signal, splitting or combiningdata streams, and multiplexing or demultiplexing data on carriers withdifferent wavelengths. In another example scenario, a plurality of chipsmay be utilized, with an optical interposer for receiving electronicschips and photonics chips, in instances where the electronics chips andphotonics chips are manufactured in different CMOS nodes.

The light source may be external to the chip or may be integrated withthe chip in a hybrid scheme. It is often advantageous to have anexternal continuous-wave (CW) light source, because this architectureallows heat sinking and temperature control of the source separatelyfrom the transceiver chip 130. An external light source may also beconnected to the transceiver chip 130 via a fiber interface.

An integrated transceiver may comprise at least three opticalinterfaces, including a transmitter input port to interface to the CWlight source, labeled as CW Laser In 101; a transmitter output port tointerface to the fiber carrying the optical signal, labeled OpticalSignals Out; and a receiver input port to interface to the fibercarrying the optical signal, labeled Optical Signals In.

FIG. 1B is a diagram illustrating an exemplary CMOS chip, in accordancewith an exemplary embodiment of the invention. Referring to FIG. 1B,there is shown the CMOS chip 130 comprising electronic devices/circuits131, optical and optoelectronic devices 133, a light source interface135, CMOS chip front surface 137, an optical fiber interface 139, andCMOS guard ring 141.

The light source interface 135 and the optical fiber interface 139comprise grating couplers, for example, that enable coupling of lightsignals via the CMOS chip surface 137, as opposed to the edges of thechip as with conventional edge-emitting devices. Coupling light signalsvia the CMOS chip surface 137 enables the use of the CMOS guard ring 141which protects the chip mechanically and prevents the entry ofcontaminants via the chip edge.

The electronic devices/circuits 131 comprise circuitry such as theamplifiers 107A-107D and the analog and digital control circuits 109described with respect to FIG. 1A, for example. The optical andoptoelectronic devices 133 comprise devices such as the directionalcouplers 103A-103K, optical terminations 115A-115D, grating couplers117A-117H, optical modulators 105A-105D, high-speed heterojunctionphotodiodes 111A-111D, and monitor photodiodes 113A-113H.

High-speed modulators in SOI CMOS wafers may suffer from parasiticcapacitance from the area of the modulator over the conductivesubstrate. Etch transition features are utilized as boundaries betweendeep and shallow trenches in the modulator structure, where the deepetch is utilized to isolate the modulator by etching down to the oxidelayer in the SOI wafer, and the shallow trench is utilized to form thewaveguide structure in the modulator. While the etch transition featuresare not part of the operational structure of the modulator, they areutilized to form the modulator, and can affect the performance withparasitic capacitance to the substrate. Additionally, the higher dopedregions of the PN structure add capacitance to the structure. In anexample scenario, the etch transition regions may be reduced oreliminated and/or the higher doped regions that provide contact to thePN diode may be reduced in area with alternating blank regions. This isshown further with respect to FIGS. 2-5.

FIG. 1C is a diagram illustrating a CMOS chip coupled to an opticalfiber cable, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of theinvention. Referring to FIG. 1C, there is shown the CMOS chip 130comprising the CMOS chip surface 137, and the CMOS guard ring 141. Thereis also shown a fiber-to-chip coupler 143, an optical fiber cable 145,and an optical source assembly 147.

The CMOS chip 130 comprising the electronic devices/circuits 131, theoptical and optoelectronic devices 133, the light source interface 135,the CMOS chip surface 137, and the CMOS guard ring 141 may be asdescribed with respect to FIG. 1B.

In an example embodiment, the optical fiber cable may be affixed, viaepoxy for example, to the CMOS chip surface 137. The fiber chip coupler143 enables the physical coupling of the optical fiber cable 145 to theCMOS chip 130.

High-speed modulators in SOI CMOS wafers may suffer from parasiticcapacitance from the area of the modulator over the conductivesubstrate. Etch transition features are utilized as boundaries betweendeep and shallow trenches in the modulator structure, where the deepetch is utilized to isolate the modulator by etching down to the oxidelayer in the SOI wafer, and the shallow trench is utilized to form thewaveguide structure in the modulator. While the etch transition featuresare not part of the operational structure of the modulator, they areutilized to form the modulator, and can affect the performance withparasitic capacitance to the substrate. Additionally, the higher dopedregions of the PN structure add capacitance to the structure. In anexample scenario, the etch transition regions may be reduced oreliminated and/or the higher doped regions that provide contact to thePN diode may be reduced in area with alternating blank regions. This isshown further with respect to FIGS. 2-5.

Power consumption is one of the key performance parameters of anelectro-optic phase modulator, and is desired to be as low as possible.In a carrier-depletion-based optical phase modulator, a major source ofthe power dissipation may be associated with its total inputcapacitance. The dissipated power may scale linearly with the totalcapacitance between the cathode and the anode. A large portion of thiscapacitance may be due to the p-n junction capacitor. Because both thecapacitance and the phase shifting efficiency may be driven by theamount of free charges available, there is a trade-off between thejunction capacitance and the accumulated phase shift over a certainmodulator length. Hence, reducing the junction capacitance comes at theexpense of shrinking the total accumulated phase shift, which is notdesirable.

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustrating an optical phase modulator, inaccordance with an example embodiment of the disclosure. Referring toFIG. 2, there is shown a modulator 200 comprising a substrate 201, anoxide (e.g., SiO₂) layer 203, Etch transition features 205A and 205B, ap+ region 207, a p-contact 209, a p region 211, a p− region 213, an n−region 215, an n region 217, an n+ region 219, and an n-contact 221.

The substrate 201 may comprise a silicon-on-insulator (SOI)complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) wafer with the oxidelayer 203 thick enough for optical confinement. Each of the p- andn-doped layers may be formed in a single silicon layer on top of theoxide layer 203 in an SOI CMOS wafer with the dopants incorporatedutilizing implant processes, for example, and subsequently etched toform the vertical features.

The etch transition features 205A and 205B may comprise a deep/shallowtrench boundary region, where the deep trench etch removes material downto the oxide layer 203 outside the edges of the etch transition features205A and 205B, and where the shallow etch forms the waveguide region 210of the modulator 200 by etching partially through the p+ region 207, pregion 211, p− region 213, n− region 215, n region 217, and n+ region219.

The p+ region 207 may comprise a higher p-doped region for lowerresistance and better contact to the PN junction in the waveguide region210. The p-contact 209 may comprise a p++ doped layer and a metal layer,for example, for providing electrical contact to the p-side on the PNjunction in the modulator 200.

The p region 211 may comprise a moderately p-doped layer that may beutilized to configure the depletion region of the PN junction formed bythe p− region 213 and the n− region 215, which comprise lightly p- andn-doped layers that form the waveguide region 210.

The n-side of the PN junction is similarly configured, with a moderatelydoped n region 217, a higher doped n+ region 219, and an n-contact 221,which may comprise a n++ doped layer and a metal layer, for example, forproviding electrical contact to the n-side on the PN junction in themodulator 200.

Other than the junction capacitor, there are also contributions fromparasitic capacitance in the total input capacitance of the modulator.One source of these parasitics may be an extra capacitor between the twoelectrodes and through the substrate, which are called “substratecapacitance” in this disclosure, and are identified in FIG. 2 as C_(p)and C_(n), and are between either side of the p-n junction and thehighly resistive silicon substrate. The parasitic capacitances C_(p) andC_(n) may arise from the area of the conductive p and n regionsseparated from the substrate 201 by the oxide layer 203.

As capacitance is directly proportional to the area of the capacitor,the value may be decreased by reducing the area. Additionally, highlydoped regions, such as the p+ region 207 and the n+ region 219, mayinfluence the parasitic capacitance. Similarly, the parasiticcapacitance may be reduced by reducing the area of the doped regionswithout impacting the current injection function of the doped regions.These methods of reducing overall capacitance of the modulator 200 areillustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4.

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustrating a reduced area optical phasemodulator, in accordance with an example embodiment of the disclosure.Referring to FIG. 3, there is shown modulator 300 with similar featuresto the modulator 200, including the substrate 201, oxide layer 203, p+region 207, p-contact 209, p region 211, p− region 213, n− region 215, nregion 217, n+ region 219, and n-contact 221, but with the etchtransition features 205A and 205B removed.

With the removal of the etch transition features, the area that maycontribute to parasitic capacitance to the substrate is reduced, asillustrated by the lateral extent of C_(p) and C_(n) in FIG. 3, butwithout negatively impacting the performance of the modulator 300.

FIG. 4 is a drawing illustrating an optical phase modulator with reduceddoped area, in accordance with an example embodiment of the disclosure.Referring to FIG. 4 there is shown a top view of a modulator 400,illustrating the various layers of the modulator structure including ann-contact region 401, a p+ region 403, a p region 407, a p− region 409,an n− region 411, an n region 413, an n+ region 415, and a p-contactregion 417. These elements may be similar to the similarly namedelements of FIGS. 2 and 3, but with the added feature of the blankregions 405, where the higher doped regions are etched away down to theoxide layer, leaving only the “finger regions” 410 also labeled asp-contact 401, p+ regions 403, n+ regions 415, and n-contacts 417. Theheight vs x and height vs y plots to the side and bottom of the top viewof the modulator 400 illustrate the etched and remaining regions of thestructure.

One way to reduce the effect of the highly doped regions in the phasemodulator on the substrate capacitance is to selectively etch outsilicon along the path of the modulator but only on the highly dopedregions on the sides of the junction and leaving the junction itselfintact, as illustrated in FIG. 4. In this example scenario, thecross-section of the modulator 400 is intentionally made non-uniform byonly leaving “fingers” 410 of fully doped regions accompanied by blankregions 405 where silicon is etched.

The fingers 410 of doped regions then serve to guide the voltage towardsthe portion of the junction directly adjacent to these blank regions.These fingers 410 of fully doped regions on the two sides of thejunction do not need to be aligned with each other and can alternatealong the axis of the junction, as illustrated in FIG. 5.

The bandwidth of this type of modulator may largely be determined by theseries resistance between the contacts and the junction capacitance. Forthis type of modulator however, the bandwidth may normally be muchhigher than the bandwidth of the driving circuitry and the overallbandwidth may thus be determined by the driving circuitry. The amount ofreduction in the doped area may then be designed appropriately to keepthe modulator's bandwidth higher than that of the driving circuitry, sothe overall bandwidth is not affected by this change. Although themodulator bandwidth may be more limited by the driver circuitrybandwidth in some instances, the parasitic capacitance may be importantin affecting lower frequency signals, such as in instances where amodulated signal also includes low-frequency information.

FIG. 5 is a drawing illustrating an optical phase modulator withstaggered reduced doped area, in accordance with an example embodimentof the disclosure. Referring to FIG. 5, there is shown a top view of amodulator 500, illustrating the various layers of the modulatorstructure including the n-contact region 401, p+ region 403, p region407, p− region 409, n− region 411, n region 413, n+ region 415, andn-contact 417. These elements may be similar to the similarly namedelements of FIGS. 2-4, but with the added feature of the blank regions405 in alternating positions on either side of the junction, where therehigher doped p-contact 401, p+ regions 403, n+ regions 415, andn-contacts 417 are removed down to the oxide layer leaving the fingers410. The height vs x and height vs y plots to the side and bottom of thetop view of the modulator 500 illustrate the etched regions of thestructure.

The alternating of the blank features 405 helps even further with thecapacitance reduction while having very minimal effect on otherperformance metrics in the phase modulator, such as phase shift andoptical loss. This structure also allows the metal lines connected tothe p- and n-contacts 401 and 417 to be segmented, further reducing thetotal capacitance of the device.

FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate experimental results for reduced parasiticmodulators, in accordance with an example embodiment of the disclosure.Referring to FIG. 6A, there is shown capacitance versus frequency for amodulator with intact etch transition features and a modulator with etchtransition features removed. As seen in FIG. 6A, more than 100 fF/mmextra capacitance at lower frequencies may be attributed to parasitics.At higher frequencies, higher than 20 MHz, for example, some parasiticsare frozen out, but can still cause an increase in deterministic jitter.

FIG. 6B illustrates capacitance results for modulators across a wafer,with the left graph showing results for modulators with intact etchtransition regions and the right plot showing modulators with thefeatures removed. The plots again illustrate that the removing the etchtransition features greatly reduces the capacitance at low frequenciesand that the extra capacitance freezes out at higher frequencies (>20MHz).

In an example embodiment, a method and system are disclosed for alow-parasitic silicon high-speed phase modulator. In this regard,aspects of the invention may comprise fabricating an optical phasemodulator that comprises a PN junction waveguide formed in a siliconlayer, wherein the silicon layer may be on an oxide layer and the oxidelayer may be on a silicon substrate. The PN junction waveguide may havep-doped and n-doped regions on opposite sides along a length of the PNjunction waveguide, and portions of the p-doped and n-doped regions maybe removed. Contacts may be formed on remaining portions of the p-dopedand n-doped regions.

Portions of the p-doped and n-doped regions may be removed symmetricallyabout the PN junction waveguide. Portions of the p-doped and n-dopedregions may be removed in a staggered fashion along the length of the PNjunction waveguide. Etch transition features may be removed along thep-doped and n-doped regions, wherein the etch transition featuresprovide a transition between deep etched and shallow etched features inthe optical phase modulator. The silicon layer, oxide layer, and siliconsubstrate may comprise a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) complementarymetal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) wafer.

A parasitic capacitance of the optical phase modulator may be reduced bythe removing of portions of the p-doped and n-doped regions. The opticalphase modulator may be integrated in an optical transceiver formed onthe silicon substrate. The remaining portions of the p-doped and n-dopedregions may comprise fingers for forming contacts that are staggered onopposite sides along the length of the PN junction waveguide. Portionsof the p-doped and n-doped regions may be removed down to the oxidelayer on the silicon substrate. The optical phase modulator may beintegrated in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer modulator.

As utilized herein, “and/or” means any one or more of the items in thelist joined by “and/or”. As an example, “x and/or y” means any elementof the three-element set {(x), (y), (x, y)}. As another example, “x, y,and/or z” means any element of the seven-element set {(x), (y), (z), (x,y), (x, z), (y, z), (x, y, z)}. As utilized herein, the term “exemplary”means serving as a non-limiting example, instance, or illustration. Asutilized herein, the terms “e.g.,” and “for example” set off lists ofone or more non-limiting examples, instances, or illustrations. Asutilized herein, a device/module/circuitry/etc. is “operable” to performa function whenever the device/module/circuitry/etc. comprises thenecessary hardware and code (if any is necessary) to perform thefunction, regardless of whether performance of the function is disabled,or not enabled, by some user-configurable setting.

While the invention has been described with reference to certainembodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art thatvarious changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted withoutdeparting from the scope of the present invention. In addition, manymodifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material tothe teachings of the present invention without departing from its scope.Therefore, it is intended that the present invention not be limited tothe particular embodiments disclosed, but that the present inventionwill include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appendedclaims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for a semiconductor device, the method comprising: in an optical phase modulator that comprises: a PN junction waveguide formed in a silicon layer, said PN junction waveguide having p-doped and n-doped regions on opposite sides along a length of the PN junction waveguide with only p-doping on a first of said opposite sides and only n-doping on a second of said opposite sides; and raised fingers of p-doped and n-doped regions along said PN junction waveguide, wherein a major axis of said raised fingers is perpendicular to said PN junction waveguide and a minor axis of said raised fingers is parallel to said PN junction waveguide: receiving an input optical signal; and applying a voltage to said raised fingers to modulate said received input optical signal.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the raised fingers of p-doped and n-doped regions are arranged symmetrically about the PN junction waveguide.
 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the raised fingers of p-doped and n-doped regions are arranged in a staggered fashion along the length of the PN junction waveguide.
 4. The method according to claim 1, comprising communicating the modulated optical signal into an optical fiber.
 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the silicon layer is in a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) wafer.
 6. The method according to claim 1, comprising receiving the input optical signal from a laser source bonded to the silicon layer.
 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the optical phase modulator is integrated in an optical transceiver formed on a silicon substrate.
 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the raised fingers comprise contacts that are staggered on opposite sides along the length of the PN junction waveguide.
 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the raised fingers of p-doped and n-doped regions extend up from an oxide layer under the silicon layer on a silicon substrate.
 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the optical phase modulator is integrated in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer modulator.
 11. A system for communication, the system comprising: an optical phase modulator that comprises: a PN junction waveguide formed in a silicon layer; first p-doped and n-doped regions on opposite sides along a length forming the PN junction waveguide with only p-doping on a first of said opposite sides and only n-doping on a second of said opposite sides; and raised fingers of p-doped and n-doped regions along said PN junction waveguide, wherein a major axis of said raised fingers is perpendicular to said PN junction waveguide and a minor axis of said raised fingers is parallel to said PN junction waveguide, said optical phase modulator being operable to: receive an input optical signal; and apply a voltage to said raised fingers to modulate said received input optical signal.
 12. The system according to claim 11, wherein the raised fingers of p-doped and n-doped regions are arranged symmetrically about the PN junction waveguide.
 13. The system according to claim 11, wherein the raised fingers of p-doped and n-doped regions are arranged in a staggered fashion along the length of the PN junction waveguide.
 14. The system according to claim 11, wherein the modulated optical signal is communicated into an optical fiber.
 15. The system according to claim 14, wherein the raised fingers of p-doped and n-doped regions comprise contacts staggered on opposite sides along the length of the PN junction waveguide.
 16. The system according to claim 11, wherein the silicon layer is in a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) wafer.
 17. The system according to claim 11, wherein the optical phase modulator is integrated in an optical transceiver formed on a silicon substrate.
 18. The system according to claim 11, wherein the raised fingers of p-doped and n-doped regions extend up from an oxide layer under the silicon layer on a silicon substrate.
 19. The system according to claim 11, wherein the optical phase modulator is integrated in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer modulator.
 20. A system for communication, the system comprising: a Mach-Zehnder optical modulator that comprises: a PN junction waveguide formed in a silicon layer on an oxide layer in a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) substrate; p-doped and n-doped regions on opposite sides along a length of the PN junction waveguide with only p-doping on a first of said opposite sides and only n-doping on a second of said opposite sides; and raised fingers of p-doped and n-doped regions along said PN junction waveguide, wherein a major axis of said raised fingers is perpendicular to said PN junction waveguide and a minor axis of said raised fingers is parallel to said PN junction waveguide, said Mach-Zehnder optical modulator being operable to: receive an input optical signal; and apply a voltage to said raised fingers to modulate said received input optical signal. 